Aircraft require assistance when maneuvering on the ground, often provided by small machines known as aircraft tugs. These tugs are capable of moving large and heavy aircraft such as the Airbus A380. The need for tugs arises from the limitations of aircraft engines in confined spaces and the potential risks associated with their use near airport terminals.
“Pilots will avoid having the aircraft’s engines activated when close to an airport for a variety of reasons, but primarily for the safety of the people on the ground and of the aircraft itself.” This is because activated engines can generate high-speed winds that may cause damage to nearby structures, vehicles, and personnel.
Tugs help overcome static friction, which prevents an aircraft from moving when at rest. “Static friction can be defined as ‘the force that prevents relative motion between two contacting surfaces when they are at rest.'” Once this is overcome, kinetic friction takes over, making it easier for tugs to move the aircraft.
Conventional tugs use towbars connected to an aircraft’s nose landing gear. “Towbars are connected to the axle of an aircraft’s nose landing gear and the front or rear of the aircraft tug,” according to Eagle Tugs. Towbarless tugs operate differently by lifting an aircraft’s nose wheel off the ground without using a towbar.
Electric towbarless tugs offer a more sustainable option as they run solely on electricity. Manufacturers like Mototok provide electric tugs capable of moving narrowbody commercial aircraft up to 200 tons in weight. As airlines aim for net-zero targets, investment in electric tug technology is expected to increase.
“A surprisingly small amount of power is needed to move an aircraft with a tug,” thanks to their design which includes heavy weight for inertia and deep-tread tires for grip. The aviation industry continues to explore innovations in tug technology with a focus on sustainability and safety improvements.
