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European airlines face challenges with new sustainable aviation fuel regulations

European airlines face challenges with new sustainable aviation fuel regulations
Policy
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The European Union is taking significant steps to address climate change with its legally binding requirements for industries, aiming for climate neutrality by 2050. The European Green Deal targets a reduction of at least 55% in net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. A key part of this initiative is the ReFuelEU policy, which mandates that sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) must constitute at least 2% of total aircraft fuel from next year, increasing incrementally to 70% by 2050.

This regulation applies across the European Economic Area and requires fuel suppliers to provide SAF blends. Airlines are obliged to refuel at least 90% of their required volume at EEA airports annually to prevent purchasing cheaper fuel outside the region.

Airlines have expressed mixed feelings about these mandates. Luis Gallego, CEO of International Airlines Group, stated: “It’s not that we don’t want to comply, we want to comply.” However, he noted that most SAF investments are in the U.S., questioning the feasibility of meeting the EU's requirements. Air France-KLM CEO Ben Smith pointed out competitive disadvantages due to differing regulatory burdens worldwide.

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Lufthansa Group CEO Carsten Spohr warned about potential market impacts: “I could advise my passengers to use a hub outside of Europe.” He argued that EU airlines face higher costs due to SAF blending mandates and carbon pricing under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).

The European Commission acknowledges potential traffic loss but plans a review in 2027. Rachel Smit from the EU Transport Commissioner’s cabinet emphasized incentives alongside mandates: "[The mandates are] very much a stick, but we are also putting carrots in place.”

Vincent De Vroey from ASD supports both mandates and incentives: “We need both,” he said, highlighting that all stakeholders back ReFuelEU as positive regulation.

Global demand for SAF is expected to rise significantly by 2030 if current policies materialize. The SkyNRG report projects substantial growth in EU demand and highlights ongoing production delays as a challenge.

De Vroey calls for increased financial support mechanisms similar to those anticipated under the U.S.'s Inflation Reduction Act. He emphasizes comprehensive approaches toward carbon-neutral aviation beyond just SAF adoption.

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