Singapore classifies severe air turbulence as top operational threat after recent incidents

Other Asian airlines have also made changes to onboard procedures aimed at reducing injury risk during turbulence. Measures include more frequent use of seatbelt signs and adjustments in how hot drinks are served. Korean Air has removed ramen noodles from its menu to prevent scalding injuries during unexpected turbulence.

Turbulence refers to rapid, unpredictable movements of air caused by disruptions such as mountainous terrain, jet streams, or storms. Authorities categorize different types including wake turbulence from other aircraft, convective turbulence inside thunderstorms, mountain wave turbulence caused by wind flowing over mountains, and clear-air turbulence near jet streams at high altitudes.

Clear-air turbulence is particularly difficult to predict because it occurs without visible warning signs and cannot be detected by radar. It typically forms between 23,000 and 39,000 feet due to wind shear—sudden changes in wind speed or direction—and is most common near jet streams or over mountains.

Incidents involving clear-air turbulence have increased worldwide in recent years. Researchers attribute this rise partly to climate change, which intensifies jet streams and sharpens temperature gradients in the atmosphere.

Pilots are extensively trained to handle turbulent conditions through meteorology studies and pre-flight weather briefings. They use various indicators—such as cloud formations or rapid wind changes—to anticipate rough air. When necessary, pilots request altitude changes from air traffic control or activate seatbelt signs at the first sign of disturbance.

Modern aircraft are built with flexible wings and structures designed to withstand turbulent forces. Additionally, weather radar helps crews detect storm-related turbulence along their route.

Technological advancements aim to further reduce risks associated with turbulence. An Austrian company called Turbulence Solutions has developed systems for light aircraft that actively counteract turbulent airflow using wing sensors and automated flaps. Artificial intelligence tools like FALCON at the California Institute of Technology use real-time data to adjust control surfaces before turbulence fully develops. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) also operates ‘Turbulence Aware,’ a platform allowing aircraft to share live data about rough conditions with others nearby.

Despite improvements in forecasting—now able to predict about 75% of clear-air turbulence according to Professor Paul Williams at the University of Reading—turbulence remains an unavoidable aspect of flying.

Passengers can minimize risk by keeping seatbelts fastened whenever seated; most serious injuries occur when individuals are unrestrained during sudden jolts. Seats near the front or over the wings experience less movement than those at the rear due to proximity to the aircraft’s center of gravity.

As regulators continue emphasizing vigilance and new technologies emerge, industry experts agree that while forecasting continues improving, some degree of unpredictability will always remain part of air travel.